Gradient estimation in models with discrete latent variables is a challenging problem, because the simplest unbiased estimators tend to have high variance. To counteract this, modern estimators either introduce bias, rely on multiple function evaluations, or use learned, input-dependent baselines. Thus, there is a need for estimators that require minimal tuning, are computationally cheap, and have low mean squared error. In this paper, we show that the variance of the straight-through variant of the popular Gumbel-Softmax estimator can be reduced through Rao- Blackwellization without increasing the number of function evaluations. This provably reduces the mean squared error. We empirically demonstrate that this leads to variance reduction, faster convergence, and generally improved performance in two unsupervised latent variable models.

@inproceedings{paulus2021raoblackwellizing,
	author = {Max B. Paulus and Chris J. Maddison and Andreas Krause},
	booktitle = {Proc. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
	month = {May},
	title = {Rao-Blackwellizing the Straight-Through Gumbel-Softmax Gradient Estimator},
	year = {2021}}